GREEN Grid was a six-year project established in 2012 and funded by the Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment (MBIE). It included active partnership with other New Ƶappuniversities and the electricity industry.
This programme used modelling of future trends in renewable electricity generation and household demand, together with in depth knowledge of electricity networks and power management, to ensure that New Zealanders have access to reliable, safe, and affordable renewable energy.
New Zealand’s electricity network is fundamental to our daily activities and to our income generation. The reliability and quality of power supply, the safety of the electricity network, and the cost of power (as driven by peak demand) all need to be managed in balance with the different types and requirements of electricity generation and use. The research takes into account changing supply and demand and their effect on the electricity system, particularly regarding new options for supply of renewable energy from wind and photovoltaics. It also takes into account new forms of demand, such as electric vehicles and smart appliances.
The Smart Grid envisaged by the programme refers to an electricity network where power flows are managed responsively and according to the needs of the users. The Smart Grid will be able to temporally and spatially balance different types of supply and demand. A novel aspect, compared to today’s system is that management of demand will be part of the balancing solution where, currently, management of supply is the main tool used. In particular, household demand including electric vehicle charging will be a new tool, encouraging uptake of electric vehicles.
To develop a Smart Grid, the programme worka with a wide range of end users, across the industry and in Government to ensure that changes to the network and new management practices are applied uniformly. The result is an efficient, cost-effective and robust electricity network meeting the ongoing and changing power supply and demand needs of New Zealanders.
Smart grid research in New Ƶapp– A review from the GREEN Grid research programme
Stephenson, J., Ford, R., Nair, N-K., Watson, N., Wood, A., Miller, A. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2017).
GREEN Grid Conference Introduction
Alan Wood (GREEN Grid Conference February 2018).
Available on request.
Insights on residential demand - A high-level summary of Otago’s work in the GREEN Grid project to date
Janet Stephenson (GREEN Grid Conference February 2018).
Available on request.
Impact Statement 1: Managing Supply Variability of Renewable Energy in the network
EV uptake
What If... We All Drove Electric Vehicles?
Allan Miller (2015 Seminar)
Keen on EVs: Kiwi perspectives on electric vehicles, and opportunities to stimulate uptake
Ford, R., Stephenson, J., Scott, M., Williams, J., Rees, D., & Wooliscroft, B. (Working Paper, 2015). Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago
EV technologies
Electrical Vehicle Storage Technologies and Range
Leatham Landon-Lane, Allan Miller, Aaron Marshall, Paul Gaynor (EEA Conference 2017)
Rapid EV Chargers: Implementation of a Charger
Ben Jar, Neville Watson, Allan Miller (EEA Conference 2016)
Electric Vehicles and Demand Response: An Economic Perspective
Michael Hwang, Alan Wood, Neville Watson and Allan Miller (EEA Conference 2015)
Electric Vehicles in New Zealand: Technologically challenged
Scott Lemon and Allan Miller (EEA Conference 2013)
Electric Vehicles in New Zealand: From Passenger to Driver?
Scott Lemon and Allan Miller (A National Energy Research Institute invited white paper, 2013)
Electric Vehicles in New Zealand: from Passenger to Driver?
Scott Lemon and Allan Miller (Seminar Presentation, 2013)
SolarTool
The EECA energywise (TM) PV Solar Calculator
Alan Wood, Allan Miller, Sharee McNab, Scott Lemon (EEA Conference 2016)
What if... you had Solar Power on Your Home?
Allan Miller (2015 Seminar)
PV uptake
Emerging energy transitions: PV uptake beyond subsidies
Rebecca Ford, Sara Walton, Janet Stephenson, David Rees, Michelle Scott, Geoff King, John Williams, Ben Wooliscroft. Technological Forecasting and Social Change (2017)
Effects of time-scale on householder PV economic analyses: over-estimation of self-consumption
Daniel Brown, Sharee McNab, Allan Miller (EEA Conference 2017)
Predicting PV Uptake in New Zealand
Sharee McNab, Allan Miller, Alan Wood, Scott Lemon (SEANZ 2016)
The Economics and Potential Uptake of PV Solar Power by Region and PV System Cost
Sharee McNab, Allan Miller, Scott Lemon, Alan Wood (EEA Conference 2016)
Economics of photovoltaic solar power and uptake in New Zealand
Allan Miller, Michael Hwang, Scott Lemon, E. Grant Read and Alan Wood (EEA Conference 2015)
Photovoltaic (PV) Uptake in NZ: The storyso far
Ford, R., Stephenson, J., Scott, M., Williams, J., Wooliscroft, B., King, G., & Miller, A. (Working Paper, 2014). Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago
PV in Blueskin: Drivers, barriers and enablers of uptake of household photovoltaic systems in the Blueskin communities, Otago, New Zealand
King, G., Stephenson, J., & Ford, R. (Working Paper, 2014). Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago
Moving to the Sunny Side of the Street: Growing Residential Solar Electricity in New Zealand
Alan Wood, Allan Miller, Nicholas Claridge (EEA Conference 2013)
Available on request.
Others
Energetic and economic optimisation of islanded household-scale photovoltaic-plus-battery systems
Ian Mason and Allan Miller. Renewable Energy, Volume 96, Part A, October 2016, Pages 559–573
Environmental Aspects of Photovoltaic Solar Power: The New ƵappContext
Luke Schwartfeger and Allan Miller (EEA Conference 2015)
Photovoltaic Solar Power Update in New Zealand
Allan Miller, John Williams, David Santos-Martin, Scott Lemon, Neville Watson and Shreejan Pandey (EEA Conference 2014)
Quantifying the benefits of Wind Power diversity in New Zealand
Dougal McQueen and Alan Wood, IET Renewable Power Generation (2018)
Quantifying the benefits from the spatial diversification of wind power in New Zealand
Dougal McQueen PhD Final Thesis (2016)
Quantifying the benefits from the spatial diversification of wind power in New Zealand
Dougal McQueen, Alan Wood (Wind integration Workshop, October 2017, Berlin)
Dynamic Wind Power Simulation
Dougal McQueen, Alan Wood (EEA Conference 2016)
Wind power simulation using Correlated Innovation Matrix and Wavelet Multi-Resolution Analysis Approaches
Dougal McQueen, Alan Wood, Allan Miller (Wind integration workshop, October 2015, Brussels)
Prosumer collectives: a review
Ford, R., Whitaker, J., & Stephenson, J. (Project Report, 2016). Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago
Smart Grid Edge Technologies Case Studies of Early Adopters
Ford, R. (Project Report, 2016). Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago
Smart Homes: What New Zealanders think, have, and want.
Ford, R., & Peniamina, R. (Project Report, 2016). Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago
Energy Transitions: Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS)
Ford, R., Stephenson, J., Brown, N., & Stiehler, W. (Project Report, 2014). Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago
GREEN Grid Choice Modelling preliminary report
Williams, J. R. (Project Report, 2014) Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago
Impacts of pricing structures on home battery storage operation and economics
Michael Campbell,PhD Final Thesis (2021)
There is potential for Pumped Hydro Energy Storage in New Zealand
Dougal McQueen (EEA Conference 2019)
There is potential for Pumped Hydro Energy Storage in New Zealand
Dougal McQueen, EPECentre Seminar Series (May 2019)
To charge or not to charge? Optimising home battery storage operation
Michael Campbell (GREEN Grid Conference February 2018)
Available on request.
Impacts of new technologies on load profiles
Michael Campbell, Allan Miller, Neville Watson (EEA conference 2016)
New consumer technologies and their impacts
Allan Miller, Michael Campbell, Scott Lemon (November 2015)
New ƵappGREEN Grid Household Electricity Demand Study 2014-2018
Anderson, Ben and Eyers, David and Ford, Rebecca and Giraldo Ocampo, Diana and Peniamina, Rana and Stephenson, Janet and Suomalainen, Kiti and Wilcocks, Lara and Jack, Michael (2018). [Data Collection]. Colchester, Essex: UK Data Service.
Detailed comparison of energy-related time-use diaries and monitored residential electricity demand
Suomalainen, K., Eyers, D., Ford, R., Stephenson, J., Anderson, B., Jack, M. (Energy Buildings, Volume 183, 15 January 2019, pages 418-427)
Identifying residential daily electricity-use profiles through time-segmented regression analysis
Khan, I., Jack, M.. Stephenson, J. (Energy Buildings, Volume 194, 1 July 2019, pages 232-246)
Estimating the Technical Potential for Residential Demand Response in New Zealand
Dortans, C.;Anderson, B.;Jack, M.;Stephenson, J. (Project Report, 2018)
See also Summary Report:
Unique household electricity demand dataset for public use released.
News release:
Dataset:
Potential future changes to residential electricity load profiles – findings from the GridSpy dataset
Jack, M., & Suomalainen, K. (Project Report, 2018)
Potential future changes to residential electricity load profiles – findings from the GridSpy dataset
Michael Jack (GREEN Grid Conference February 2018)
Available on request
Comparative analysis of monitored and self-reported data on electricity use
Kiti Suolamainen, Michael Jack, David Byers, Rebecca Ford, Janet Stephenson EEEIC / I&CPS Europe (2017)
A minimal simulation of the electricity demand of a domestic hot water cylinder for smart control
Michael Jack, Kiti Suomalainen, J. J. W. Dew, D. Eyers. Applied Energy (2017)
Systems to Implement Demand Response in New Zealand
Richard Strahan and Allan Miller (EEA Conference 2014)
Available on request
Optimizing Instantaneous and Ramping Reserves with Different Response Speeds for Contingencies Part I: Methodology
Josh Schipper, Alan Wood, Conrad Edwards (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2020)
Optimizing Instantaneous and Ramping Reserves with Different Response Speeds for Contingencies Part II: Implications
Josh Schipper, Alan Wood, Conrad Edwards (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2020)
Optimising Reserve for Contingencies while Explicitly Including Response Speed of Reserve Providers
Josh Schipper (Transpower Presentation, 2020)
Recommendations for Ancillary Service Markets under High Penetrations of Wind Generation in New Zealand
Josh Schipper,Alan Wood,Conrad Edwards,Allan Miller. (Report, March 2019)
Optimising power system reserve for contingencies while considering response times
Josh Schipper PhD Final Thesis (2019)
Impact of wind generation on demand for fast instantaneous reserves, and recommendations for Ancillary Services
Josh Schipper (GREEN Grid Conference February 2018)
Available on request
The Value of Frequency Keeping and Governor Response to New Zealand
Josh Schipper, Alan Wood, Allan Miller, Conrad Edwards (EEA Conference 2016 and Wind Integration Workshop, November 2016, Vienna)
Energy and Capacity Requirements for a 90% renewable system in New Zealand
Luke Schwartfeger,Alan Wood andGari Bickers (2018)
Operation of a Hydrothermal System with Increased Renewable Generation:New ƵappCase Study
Luke Schwartfeger, Alan Wood and Gari Bickers (Hydro Power Scheduling Workshop, Norway 2018)
Available on request
Energy and Capacity Requirements for a 90% renewable system in NZ
Luke Schwartfeger, Alan Wood and Gari Bickers (EEA Conference 2018)
Energy and Capacity Requirements of 90% Renewable System in New Zealand
Luke Schwartfeger (GREEN Grid Conference February 2018)
Available on request
Analysis of greenhouse gas emissions in electricity systems using timevarying carbon intensity
Imran Khan, Michael Jack, Janet Stephenson. Journal of Cleaner Production (2018).
Transitioning New Ƶappto Renewable Energy
Ian Mason, Harry Gates, Henna Chua, Allan Miller (EEA Conference 2017).Note that this work has not been funded out of GREEN Grid, but is related.
Impact Statement 2: Cost effective functional and safe distribution network
New ƵappSmart Grid ICT Infrastructure: A Discussion on Technologies and Opportunities
Jagadeesha Joish, Momen Bahadornejad and Nirmal Nair (2015)
Available on request
Smart Grids: Fact or Fiction? A Discussion of Smart Grids in New Zealand
Allan Miller and Alan Wood (2013)
Available on request
Smart Grid Communications Infrastructure: A Discussion on Technologies and Opportunities
Moonis Vegdani, Momen Bahadornejad and Nirmal Nair (2013)
Available on request
Flexible criteria for assessing EV hosting capacity in stochastic load-flow simulations
Euan McGill,PhD Final Thesis (2021)
Flexible criteria for assessing EV hosting capacity in stochastic load-flow simulations
Euan McGill,PhD Final Thesis (2021)
DGHost to EVHost: Impacts of Photovoltaic Generation and Electric Vehicles on Electricity Distribution Networks
Dr Sharee McNab and Euan McGill, EPECentre Seminar, 13 August 2019
The Significance of Modelling Load Diversity in Low Voltage Distribution Network
Euan McGill (Presentation to Industry Advisory Panel, November 2018)
Available on request
Impact of electric vehicle chargers on harmonic levels in New Zealand
Jeremy D. Watson and Neville R. Watson, The 7th Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Asia 2017), Auckland (New Zealand), 4-7 December 2017
Impact of residential PV on harmonic levels in New Zealand
Jeremy D. Watson and Neville R. Watson, The 7th IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Europe 2017), Torino (Italy), 26-29 September 2017
Impact of solar photovoltaics on the low-voltage distribution network in New Zealand
Jeremy Watson, Neville Watson, David Santos-Martin, Alan Wood, Scott Lemon, Allan Miller. IET (2016)
Simplified Modeling of Low Voltage Distribution Networks for PV Voltage Impact Studies
David Santos-Martin and Scott Lemon. IEEE Transactions of Smart Grids, Vol. 7, No. 4, July 2016
Vector's Residential Photovoltaic Trials: A Report on Experiences
Momen Bahadornejad, Kate Murphy, Nirmal Nair, Gareth Williams, Jonathan Bishop. University of Auckland. (Working Paper, 2016)
Available on request
Experience of Vector's Residential Photovoltaic Field Trials
Kate Murphy, Nirmal Nair (EEA Conference 2016)
Available on request
Impact of Electric Vehicle Chargers on a Low Voltage Distribution System
Neville Watson, Jeremy D. Watson, Russell M. Watson, Kashani Sharmaand and Allan Miller (EEA Conference 2015)
SoL – A PV generation model for grid integration analysis in distribution networks
David Santos-Martin and Scott Lemon. Solar Energy - Volume 120, October 2015, Pages 549–564
Low Voltage Network modelling
Jeremy Watson, Neville Watson, David Santos-Martin, Scott Lemon, Alan Wood, Allan Miller (EEA conference 2014)
Available on request
Solar PV, Battery Storage and Low Voltage Distribution: A Discussion on the Benefits of Distributed Battery Storage
Momen Bahadornejad and Nirmal Nair (2013)DGHost to EVHost: Impacts of Photovoltaic Generation and Electric Vehicles on Electricity Distribution Networks
Dr Sharee McNab and Euan McGill, EPECentre Seminar, 13 August 2019
Available on request
The Significance of Modelling Load Diversity in Low Voltage Distribution Network
Euan McGill (Presentation to Industry Advisory Panel, November 2018)
Available on request
Impact of electric vehicle chargers on harmonic levels in New Zealand
Jeremy D. Watson and Neville R. Watson, The 7th Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Asia 2017), Auckland (New Zealand), 4-7 December 2017
Impact of residential PV on harmonic levels in New Zealand
Jeremy D. Watson and Neville R. Watson, The 7th IEEE International Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT Europe 2017), Torino (Italy), 26-29 September 2017
Impact of solar photovoltaics on the low-voltage distribution network in New Zealand
Jeremy Watson, Neville Watson, David Santos-Martin, Alan Wood, Scott Lemon, Allan Miller. IET (2016)
Simplified Modeling of Low Voltage Distribution Networks for PV Voltage Impact Studies
David Santos-Martin and Scott Lemon. IEEE Transactions of Smart Grids, Vol. 7, No. 4, July 2016
Vector's Residential Photovoltaic Trials: A Report on Experiences
Momen Bahadornejad, Kate Murphy, Nirmal Nair, Gareth Williams, Jonathan Bishop. University of Auckland. (Working Paper, 2016)
Available on request
Experience of Vector's Residential Photovoltaic Field Trials
Kate Murphy, Nirmal Nair (EEA Conference 2016)
Available on request
Impact of Electric Vehicle Chargers on a Low Voltage Distribution System
Neville Watson, Jeremy D. Watson, Russell M. Watson, Kashani Sharmaand and Allan Miller (EEA Conference 2015)
SoL – A PV generation model for grid integration analysis in distribution networks
David Santos-Martin and Scott Lemon. Solar Energy - Volume 120, October 2015, Pages 549–564
Low Voltage Network modelling
Jeremy Watson, Neville Watson, David Santos-Martin, Scott Lemon, Alan Wood, Allan Miller (EEA conference 2014)
Available on request
Solar PV, Battery Storage and Low Voltage Distribution: A Discussion on the Benefits of Distributed Battery Storage
Momen Bahadornejad and Nirmal Nair (2013)
Available on request
Guide for Connection of Small-Scale Inverter-Based Distributed Generation(Interim Guide)
EEA (2018)
EEA Distributed Generation Guide and EA issues’ paper – Summary and Update
Richard Strahan (Presentation to Industry Advisory Panel, November 2018)
Available on request
Draft EEA Guide for Connection of Small-Scale Inverter Based Distributed Generation(Draft Guide for consultation)
EEA (2016)
New ƵappGuideline for the Connection of PV Solar Power and Determining Hosting Capacity for PV Solar Power
Richard Strahan, Sharee McNab, Shreejan Pandey, Scott Lemon, Allan Miller, Neville Watson, Alan Wood, Tim Crownshaw (Solar Integration workshop, November 2016, Vienna)
Guideline for the connection of small-scale inverter based distributed generation: an introduction and summary
Allan Miller, Richard Strahan, Sharee McNab, Tim Crownshaw, Shreejan Pandey, Neville Watson, Scott Lemon, Alan Wood (EEA conference 2016)
Presentations - EEA Managment Workshop 22 June 2016
Available on request
Small-scale PV inverters - New equipment standards versus actual performance
Bill Heffernan, Patrick Chen, Ankur Mishra (EEA conference 2016)
Review of Distributed Generation Interconnection Standards
Luke Schwartfeger, David Santos-Martin (EEA conference 2014)
DGHost to EVHost:Impacts of Photovoltaic Generation and Electric Vehicles on Electricity Distribution Networks
Dr Sharee McNab and Euan McGill, EPECentre Seminar, 13 August 2019
Management of Distributed Generation Using DGHost in NZ
Sharee McNab, Scott Lemon, Tim Crownshaw, Richard Strahan, Allan Miller (Energy Networks Australia Conference, 2018)
Determination of Distributed Generation Hosting Capacity in Low-voltage Networks and Industry Applications
Tim Crownshaw, Allan Miller, Scott Lemon, Sharee McNab, Richard Strahan (EEA conference 2016)
Managing fuse protection in low-voltage networks with distributed generation
Ryan van Herel, Bill Heffernan, Alan Wood. (Report, August 2019)
Available on request
Automatic Under Frequency Load Shedding – Update and Scope
Richard Strahan (Presentation to Industry Advisory Panel, November 2018)
Available on request
Impact of inverter energy systems on fuse protection of low voltage network
Ryan van Herel, Alan Wood, Kerry Clapham, Bill Heffernan. (EEA conference 2018)
Impact of inverter energy systems on protection of LV networks
Ryan van Herel (GREEN Grid Conference February 2018)
Available on request
Protection and Automation of Distribution Network with IES Rated Greater than 10 kVA
Power Systems Group. University of Auckland. (Working Paper, 2016)
Available on request
Protection and Automation of Distribution Network with IES Rated up to 10 kVA
Power Systems Group. University of Auckland. (Working Paper, 2016)
Available on request
Voltage Profile in a Low Voltage Distribution Network
Parash Acharya, Alan Wood, Andrew Lapthorn (EEA conference 2018)
Available on request
Online Conditioning Monitoring of Electricity Assets – a Literature Review
Campbell McDiarmid, Allan Miller (EEA Conference 2017). Note that this work has not been funded under the GREEN Grid project, but is related.
Available on request
Most of the power quality work has been funded jointly by thePower Quality Projectand GREEN Grid.
Power-Quality Management in New Zealand
Neville Watson. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery(Volume: 31,Issue: 5, Oct. 2016)
The Power Quality trend in a New ƵappDistribution Company
Hans Wijaya, Neville Watson, Gavin Bonnett (EEA conference 2016)
Power Quality Indices
Neville Watson and Allan Miller (EEA conference 2015)
Smart meters to monitor power quality at consumer premises
Michael Campbell, Neville Watson and Allan Miller (EEA conference 2015)
Power Quality Management
Neville Watson, Vic Gosbell, Sarath Perera, Sean Elphick (EEA conference 2014)
Available on request
Heat-pump performance: voltage dip/sag, under-voltage and over-voltage
Bill Heffernan, Neville Watson and Jeremy Watson. IET (2014).Note that this work was not funded by the GREEN Grid project, but its topic area is related.
EEA Power Quality Guide (Update and Amendment)2013
Research Funders and Partners
